01. Yadda ake rarraba recarburizers
Carburizers za a iya kusan kashi hudu bisa ga albarkatunsu.
1. Grafite na wucin gadi
Babban albarkatun kasa don kera graphite na wucin gadi shine foda mai inganci mai inganci mai coke, wanda aka ƙara kwalta a matsayin mai ɗaure, kuma ana ƙara ƙaramin adadin sauran kayan taimako. Bayan an haɗa nau'ikan albarkatun ƙasa tare, ana danna su kuma a samar da su, sannan a bi da su a cikin yanayin da ba ya da iskar oxygen a 2500-3000 ° C don sanya su a zane. Bayan maganin zafin jiki mai zafi, toka, sulfur da gas suna raguwa sosai.
Saboda tsadar samfuran graphite na wucin gadi, yawancin na'urorin graphite na wucin gadi da aka saba amfani da su a cikin wuraren da aka samo su ana sake yin fa'ida kamar su kwakwalwan kwamfuta, na'urorin lantarki da graphite tubalan lokacin kera na'urorin lantarki na graphite don rage farashin samarwa.
Lokacin da ake narke baƙin ƙarfe ductile, don yin ƙarfin ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe ya yi girma, graphite na wucin gadi yakamata ya zama zaɓi na farko na mai recarburizer.
2. Petroleum coke
Coke Petroleum shine mai yin recarburizer da ake amfani da shi sosai.
Coke Petroleum wani samfur ne da ake samu ta hanyar tace danyen mai. Ragowa da filayen man fetur da aka samu ta hanyar distillation a ƙarƙashin matsi na al'ada ko kuma ƙarƙashin ƙarancin ɗanyen mai za a iya amfani da su azaman kayan daɗaɗɗa don kera coke na man fetur, sa'an nan kuma za a iya samun koren man fetur bayan coke. Samar da koren man coke ya kai kusan kashi 5% na adadin danyen mai da ake amfani da shi. Aikin noman danyen mai a kowace shekara a Amurka ya kai tan miliyan 30. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙazanta a cikin koren man fetur na coke yana da girma, don haka ba za a iya amfani da shi kai tsaye azaman mai recarburizer ba, kuma dole ne a fara lissafta shi.
Danyen coke na man fetur yana samuwa a cikin soso-kamar, allura-kamar, granular da sifofin ruwa.
Ana shirya coke mai soso ta hanyar jinkirin hanyar coking. Saboda yawan sinadarin sulfur da ƙarfe, yawanci ana amfani da shi azaman mai a lokacin ƙirƙira, kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman ɗanyen kayan da ake amfani da shi don coke mai ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da coke na soso mai ƙima a cikin masana'antar aluminium kuma azaman recarburizer.
Ana shirya coke mai allura ta hanyar jinkirin coking tare da albarkatun kasa tare da babban abun ciki na hydrocarbons na kamshi da ƙarancin abun ciki na ƙazanta. Wannan coke yana da tsari mai saurin karyewa mai kama da allura, wani lokaci ana kiransa graphite coke, kuma ana amfani da shi ne don yin na'urorin lantarki na graphite bayan ƙirƙira.
Coke man fetur na granular yana cikin nau'in granules mai wuya kuma an yi shi daga albarkatun kasa mai yawan abun ciki na sulfur da asphaltene ta hanyar jinkirta coking, kuma ana amfani da shi a matsayin mai.
Ana samun ruwan coke mai ruwa ta hanyar ci gaba da yin coking a cikin gado mai ruwa.
Calcination na coke na man fetur shine don cire sulfur, danshi, da rashin ƙarfi. Calcination na koren man fetur coke a 1200-1350 ° C na iya sanya shi tsaftataccen carbon.
Mafi girman mai amfani da coke mai calcined shine masana'antar aluminium, kashi 70% na abin da ake amfani da su don yin anodes waɗanda ke rage bauxite. Kimanin kashi 6% na coke na man petur da ake samarwa a Amurka ana amfani da shi don sake sarrafa baƙin ƙarfe.
3. Halitta graphite
Za a iya raba graphite na halitta zuwa iri biyu: graphite flake da microcrystalline graphite.
graphite Microcrystalline yana da babban abun ciki na toka kuma gabaɗaya ba a yi amfani da shi azaman recarburizer don simintin ƙarfe.
Akwai nau'ikan graphite iri-iri da yawa: babban carbon flake graphite yana buƙatar a fitar da su ta hanyoyin sinadarai, ko kuma zafi zuwa zafin jiki mai zafi don bazuwa da daidaita abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Abubuwan da ke cikin ash a cikin graphite suna da girma, don haka bai dace da amfani da shi azaman recarburizer ba; matsakaicin graphite carbon ana amfani da shi azaman recarburizer, amma adadin ba shi da yawa.
4. Coke da Anthracite
A cikin aiwatar da wutar lantarki tanderu karfe, za a iya ƙara coke ko anthracite a matsayin recarburizer lokacin caji. Saboda yawan toka da abun ciki mara canzawa, ba a cika yin amfani da tanderun da ke narkewar simintin ƙarfe ba azaman mai recarburizer.
Tare da ci gaba da inganta bukatun kare muhalli, ana ba da hankali sosai ga amfani da albarkatu, kuma farashin ƙarfe na alade da coke ya ci gaba da tashi, yana haifar da karuwa a farashin simintin gyare-gyare. Ƙarin wuraren da aka samo asali sun fara amfani da tanda na lantarki don maye gurbin narkewar kofi na gargajiya. A farkon shekarar 2011, taron karama da matsakaitan sassa na masana'antar mu ya kuma amince da tsarin narkewar tanderun lantarki don maye gurbin tsarin narkewar kofi na gargajiya. Yin amfani da adadi mai yawa na tarkace a cikin wutar lantarki mai narkewa ba zai iya rage farashin kawai ba, amma kuma inganta kayan aikin injiniya na simintin gyaran kafa, amma nau'in recarburizer da aka yi amfani da shi da tsarin carburizing yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.
02. Yadda ake amfani da recarburizer a cikin induction tanderun narkewa
1 Babban nau'ikan recarburizers
Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ake amfani da su azaman simintin gyaran ƙarfe na ƙarfe, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su sune graphite wucin gadi, coke man petur, graphite na halitta, coke, anthracite, da gaurayawan irin waɗannan kayan.
(1) graphite Artificial Daga cikin nau'ikan recarburizers da aka ambata a sama, mafi kyawun inganci shine graphite wucin gadi. Babban albarkatun kasa don kera graphite na wucin gadi shine foda mai inganci mai inganci mai coke, wanda aka ƙara kwalta a matsayin mai ɗaure, kuma ana ƙara ƙaramin adadin sauran kayan taimako. Bayan an hada nau'ikan danyen iri daban-daban, sai a danne su a dunkule, sannan a yi musu magani a yanayin da ba ya da iskar oxygen a zazzabi na 2500-3000 ° C don sanya su a hoto. Bayan maganin zafin jiki mai zafi, toka, sulfur da gas suna raguwa sosai. Idan babu wani coke mai mai da aka sanya a babban zafin jiki ko tare da rashin isasshen zafin jiki, ingancin recarburizer zai yi tasiri sosai. Saboda haka, ingancin recarburizer yafi dogara da matakin graphitization. Kyakkyawan recarburizer yana ƙunshe da carbon graphitic (jashi mai yawa) A 95% zuwa 98%, abun cikin sulfur shine 0.02% zuwa 0.05%, kuma abun ciki na nitrogen shine (100 zuwa 200) × 10-6.
(2) Coke Petroleum shine mai sake yin amfani da shi sosai. Coke Petroleum wani samfur ne da ake samu daga tace danyen mai. Za a iya amfani da ragowa da filayen man fetur da aka samu daga narkewar matsa lamba na yau da kullun ko narkewar ɗanyen mai a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa don kera coke mai. Bayan an dafa, za a iya samun danyen coke na man fetur. Abubuwan da ke ciki suna da girma kuma ba za a iya amfani da su kai tsaye azaman mai recarburizer ba, kuma dole ne a fara kirgawa.
(3) Za a iya raba graphite na halitta zuwa iri biyu: graphite flake da microcrystalline graphite. graphite Microcrystalline yana da babban abun ciki na toka kuma gabaɗaya ba a yi amfani da shi azaman recarburizer don simintin ƙarfe. Akwai nau'ikan graphite iri-iri da yawa: babban carbon flake graphite yana buƙatar a fitar da su ta hanyoyin sinadarai, ko kuma zafi zuwa zafin jiki mai zafi don bazuwa da daidaita abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Abubuwan da ke cikin toka a cikin graphite suna da girma kuma bai kamata a yi amfani da su azaman mai recarburizer ba. Matsakaici Carbon graphite ana amfani da shi azaman recarburizer, amma adadin ba shi da yawa.
(4) Coke da anthracite A cikin aikin induction tanderun narkewa, ana iya ƙara coke ko anthracite azaman recarburizer lokacin caji. Saboda yawan toka da abun ciki mara canzawa, ba a cika yin amfani da tanderun da ke narkewar simintin ƙarfe ba azaman mai recarburizer. , Farashin wannan recarburizer yana da ƙasa, kuma yana cikin ƙananan recarburizer.
2. Ka'idar carburization na baƙin ƙarfe narke
A cikin aikin narkewar baƙin ƙarfe na roba, saboda yawan tarkace da aka ƙara da ƙarancin abun ciki na C a cikin narkakken ƙarfe, dole ne a yi amfani da carburizer don ƙara carbon. Carbon da ke wanzuwa a cikin nau'in nau'i a cikin recarburizer yana da zafin narkewa na 3727 ° C kuma ba zai iya narke a zafin narkakken ƙarfe ba. Saboda haka, carbon da ke cikin recarburizer ya fi narkar da shi a cikin narkakken ƙarfe ta hanyoyi biyu na rushewa da yaduwa. Lokacin da abun ciki na graphite recarburizer a cikin narkakkar baƙin ƙarfe ne 2.1%, graphite za a iya narkar da kai tsaye a narkar da baƙin ƙarfe. Batun bayani kai tsaye na carbonization maras graphite ba ya wanzu, amma tare da wucewar lokaci, carbon a hankali yana yaduwa kuma yana narkewa a cikin narkakken ƙarfe. Don sake fasalin ƙarfen simintin da aka narkar da ta tanderun shigar da bayanai, ƙimar recarburization na recarburization graphite crystalline yana da girma sosai fiye da na masu recarburizers marasa graphite.
Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa narkar da carbon a cikin narkakkar baƙin ƙarfe ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar isar da iskar carbon a cikin madaidaicin iyakar ruwa a saman ƙaƙƙarfan barbashi. Idan aka kwatanta sakamakon da aka samu da coke da coal barbashi tare da sakamakon da aka samu da graphite, an gano cewa yawan yaduwa da narkar da graphite recarburizers a cikin narkakken ƙarfe yana da sauri fiye da na coke da kwal. Narkar da samfurin coke da kwal da aka narkar da su ta hanyar microscope na lantarki, kuma an gano cewa an samu wani siriri mai danko ash a saman samfuran, wanda shi ne babban abin da ke shafar yaduwarsu da aikin narkar da su a cikin narkakken ƙarfe.
3. Abubuwan da ke tasiri tasirin karuwar carbon
(1) Tasirin girman barbashi na recarburizer Adadin sha na recarburizer ya dogara da tasirin hadewar rushewar da yawan watsawar recarburizer da adadin asarar iskar shaka. Gabaɗaya, barbashi na recarburizer ƙananan ne, saurin rushewar yana da sauri, kuma saurin asarar yana da girma; barbashi na carburizer suna da girma, saurin rushewa yana jinkirin, kuma saurin asarar ƙananan ne. Zaɓin girman nau'in ƙwayar recarburizer yana da alaƙa da diamita da ƙarfin tanderu. Gabaɗaya, lokacin da diamita da ƙarfin tanderu suka yi girma, girman barbashi na recarburizer ya kamata ya fi girma; akasin haka, girman barbashi na recarburizer ya kamata ya zama ƙarami.
(2) Tasirin adadin recarburizer da aka ƙara A ƙarƙashin yanayin wani yanayin zafin jiki da nau'in sinadarai iri ɗaya, cikakken adadin carbon a cikin narkakken ƙarfe ya tabbata. Ƙarƙashin wani nau'i na jikewa, ƙarin recarburizer ya kara da cewa, tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata don rushewa da yaduwa, mafi girma asarar da ta dace, kuma ƙananan ƙimar sha.
(3) Tasirin zafin jiki akan yawan sha na recarburizer A bisa ka'ida, mafi girman zafin jiki na narkakken ƙarfe, mafi dacewa ga sha da rushewar recarburizer. Akasin haka, recarburizer yana da wuya a narke, kuma yawan shayarwar recarburizer yana raguwa. Duk da haka, lokacin da zafin jiki na narkewar baƙin ƙarfe ya yi yawa, ko da yake recarburizer ya fi dacewa a narkar da shi sosai, yawan asarar carbon zai karu, wanda zai haifar da raguwa a cikin abun ciki na carbon da raguwa a cikin gaba ɗaya. yawan sha na recarburizer. Gabaɗaya, lokacin da narkakken ƙarfe zafin jiki ya kasance tsakanin 1460 da 1550 °C, ƙarfin ɗaukar recarburizer shine mafi kyau.
(4) Tasirin narkakkar ƙarfe yana motsawa akan yawan sha na recarburizer Stirring yana da amfani ga narkar da ƙwayar carbon, kuma yana guje wa recarburizer da ke yawo a saman narkakkar ƙarfe kuma ana kona shi. Kafin a narkar da recarburizer gaba daya, lokacin motsawa yana da tsayi kuma yawan sha yana da yawa. Har ila yau, motsawa na iya rage lokacin riƙewar carbon, rage yanayin samarwa, da kuma guje wa ƙona abubuwan haɗakarwa a cikin narkakken ƙarfe. Duk da haka, idan lokacin motsa jiki ya yi tsayi da yawa, ba wai kawai yana da tasiri mai girma a kan rayuwar sabis na tanderun ba, amma kuma yana kara yawan asarar carbon a cikin narkakken ƙarfe bayan an narkar da recarburizer. Sabili da haka, lokacin da ya dace na zurfafa baƙin ƙarfe ya kamata ya dace don tabbatar da cewa an narkar da recarburizer gaba ɗaya.
(5) Tasirin sinadarai na baƙin ƙarfe narkakkar akan yawan sha na recarburizer Lokacin da abun ciki na farko na carbon a cikin narkakken ƙarfe ya yi girma, a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar cuta, yawan sha na recarburizer yana jinkirin, yawan sha yana da ƙananan. , kuma asarar ƙonewa yana da girma. Matsakaicin ɗaukar recarburizer yayi ƙasa. Akasin haka shine gaskiya lokacin da farkon abun ciki na carbon da aka narkar da shi ya yi ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, silicon da sulfur a cikin narkakkar baƙin ƙarfe suna hana ɗaukar carbon da rage yawan sha na recarburizers; yayin da manganese ke taimakawa wajen sha carbon da inganta yawan sha na recarburizers. Dangane da matakin tasiri, silicon shine mafi girma, sannan kuma manganese, kuma carbon da sulfur basu da tasiri. Saboda haka, a cikin ainihin tsarin samar da manganese ya kamata a kara da farko, sa'an nan kuma carbon, sa'an nan kuma silicon.
4. Sakamakon daban-daban na recarburizers akan kaddarorin simintin ƙarfe
(1) Sharuɗɗan gwaji An yi amfani da tanderun induction na mitar mitar 5t don narkewa, tare da iyakar ƙarfin 3000kW da mitar 500Hz. Dangane da jerin batching na yau da kullun na bitar (50% kayan dawowa, 20% ƙarfe na alade, 30% tarkace), yi amfani da recarburizer mai ƙarancin nitrogen calcined da recarburizer mai nau'in graphite don narke tanderun narkakken ƙarfe bi da bi, bisa ga Bukatun tsari Bayan daidaita abubuwan sinadaran, jefa babban hular silinda bi da bi.
Tsarin samarwa: An ƙara recarburizer a cikin tanderun lantarki a cikin batches yayin tsarin ciyarwa don narkewa, 0.4% na farko inoculant (silicon barium inoculant) an ƙara a cikin tsarin tapping, da kuma 0.1% na biyu kwarara inoculant (Silicon barium inoculant). Yi amfani da layin salo na DISA2013.
(2) Mechanical Properties Domin tabbatar da sakamakon biyu daban-daban recarburizers a kan kaddarorin simintin gyaran kafa, da kuma kauce wa rinjayar narkakkar abun da ke ciki a kan sakamakon, narkakkar ƙarfe abun da ke ciki na narke ta daban-daban recarburizers an gyara su zama m iri ɗaya. . Don ƙarin tabbatar da sakamakon, a cikin tsarin gwajin, ban da saiti biyu na sandunan gwaji na Ø30mm an zuba a cikin tanderu biyu na narkakkar ƙarfe, guda 12 na simintin gyare-gyaren da aka jefa a cikin kowane narkakken ƙarfe an kuma zaɓi bazuwar don gwajin taurin Brinell. (6 guda/akwati, gwada kwalaye biyu).
A cikin yanayin kusan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in graphite). graphite-type recarburizer a fili ya fi wanda aka samar ta amfani da graphite-type recarburizer. Simintin gyare-gyaren simintin gyaran gyare-gyare na calcined (lokacin da taurin simintin ya yi yawa, gefen simintin zai bayyana abin tsalle mai tsalle yayin sarrafawa).
(3) Siffofin graphite na samfuran amfani da nau'in graphite-nau'in recarburizer duk nau'in graphite ne, kuma adadin graphite ya fi girma kuma girman ya yi ƙasa.
An yanke shawarar da aka biyo baya daga sakamakon gwajin da ke sama: babban nau'in graphite-nau'in recarburizer ba zai iya inganta kayan aikin injiniya kawai ba, inganta tsarin metallographic, amma kuma inganta aikin sarrafa simintin.
03. Epilogue
(1) Abubuwan da suka shafi yawan sha na recarburizer sune girman barbashi na recarburizer, yawan adadin recarburizer da aka kara, zazzabi na recarburization, lokacin motsawa na narkar da ƙarfe da sinadarai na narkakken ƙarfe.
(2) Kyakkyawan nau'in graphite recarburizer ba zai iya haɓaka kayan aikin injiniya kawai na simintin gyare-gyare ba, haɓaka tsarin ƙarfe, amma kuma inganta aikin sarrafa simintin gyare-gyare. Don haka, lokacin samar da samfuran maɓalli kamar tubalan Silinda da kawunan Silinda a cikin tsarin narkewar tanderun induction, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da recarburizers masu inganci irin na graphite.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-08-2022